Which framework argues that morality is based on duties and rules rather than outcomes?

• A. Utilitarianism
• B. Relativism
• C. Circular Economy
• D. Deontology

Answer: (D)

Morality based on duties and rules is deontology. This view says an action’s rightness comes from whether it follows a duty or rule, not from the results it produces. Actions are judged by their inherent morality—like telling the truth, keeping promises, and respecting others—regardless of potential benefits or harms. The idea of a universal moral law, often tied to Kant’s concept of a categorical imperative, underpins this approach: morality is about applying duties consistently, across situations.

As a contrast, utilitarianism evaluates actions by their consequences, aiming to maximize overall happiness or welfare, which can lead to choosing rule-breaking if the outcomes are better. Relativism argues that morality depends on cultural norms, varying from society to society. A circular economy relates to sustainability and resource use rather than prescribing a system of moral duties. So the description fits deontology.